These are real past-paper questions. Think of your answer first, then open the explanation.
May/June 2021 · Paper 1 · Cell structure
Which cell structures contain nucleic acid?
1 Golgi body
2 lysosome
3 mitochondria
4 ribosomes
- 1, 2 and 3
- 1, 2 and 4
- 1 and 4 only
- 3 and 4
Show answer and explanation
Answer: D. 3 and 4
Mitochondria contain their own circular DNA and ribosomes contain rRNA; the Golgi body and lysosomes do not contain nucleic acid.
May/June 2021 · Paper 1 · Biological molecules
Which pair of molecules only includes macromolecules that can be found in animal cells?
- amylase and amylopectin
- collagen and glycogen
- deoxyribose and starch
- sucrose and haemoglobin
Show answer and explanation
Answer: B. collagen and glycogen
Amylopectin and starch are plant-only polysaccharides, and deoxyribose and sucrose are not macromolecules; collagen (protein) and glycogen (polysaccharide) are both macromolecules found in animal cells.
May/June 2021 · Paper 1 · The mitotic cell cycle
At which stages of mitosis are chromosomes composed of two chromatids that are held together by a centromere?
- anaphase and telophase
- anaphase and prophase
- metaphase and prophase
- metaphase and telophase
Show answer and explanation
Answer: C. metaphase and prophase
Sister chromatids remain joined at the centromere through prophase and metaphase; the centromere splits at the start of anaphase, after which chromatids move apart as separate chromosomes.
May/June 2021 · Paper 4 · Energy and respiration
All organisms respire to release energy from energy-rich molecules such as glucose.
(a)(i) Anabolic reactions use energy. State two examples of anabolic reactions occurring in living organisms. [2]
(ii) Describe and explain the use of ATP in glycolysis. [3]
(b) Some factory workers in the early 20th century were exposed to chemical X and experienced serious side-effects: decreased production of ATP; increased lipid metabolism with weight loss; increased production of pyruvate and lactate; excess heat energy release causing a rise in body temperature, which can be fatal. Chemical X increases the permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane to protons (hydrogen ions), causing some protons to leak out into the matrix.
(i) Explain why people exposed to chemical X show decreased production of ATP and increased lipid metabolism. [3]
(ii) Suggest and explain why chemical X causes increased production of pyruvate and lactate. [2]
(iii) Suggest why excess heat energy is released. [1]
Show model answer
(a)(i) Any two examples showing synthesis from smaller units, e.g. DNA replication/transcription; making/building up a named protein; making/building up a named lipid/triglyceride/phospholipid; making/building up a named carbohydrate/polysaccharide; phosphorylation.
(ii) Any three of: ATP phosphorylates glucose, converting it to glucose/fructose/hexose phosphate; a second phosphorylation converts glucose/fructose/hexose phosphate to fructose/hexose bisphosphate; phosphorylating glucose means it cannot leave the cell; phosphorylation activates/increases the energy of/decreases the stability of glucose, priming it for further breakdown. …
The full model answer is in the app.