These are real past-paper questions. Think of your answer first, then open the explanation.
May/June 2021 · Paper 1 · The economic problem
Which statement about the factors of production is correct?
- Capital is a financial resource and includes savings in banks.
- Enterprise is limited in supply and includes office workers.
- Labour is a human resource and includes pensioners and children.
- Land is a natural resource and includes trees and fish.
Show answer and explanation
Answer: D. Land is a natural resource and includes trees and fish.
Land covers all natural resources, including trees and fish.
May/June 2021 · Paper 1 · Demand and supply
What is an economist's definition of a market?
- a collection of informal retail outlets run by small firms
- a place where traders gather regularly for short periods
- a system that enables individuals and firms to buy and sell goods
- the existence of consumer demand for a good
Show answer and explanation
Answer: C. a system that enables individuals and firms to buy and sell goods
A market is any arrangement bringing buyers and sellers together, not a physical place.
May/June 2021 · Paper 1 · Market failure
What is an example of an external benefit from an individual cycling, rather than driving, to work?
- higher cost of building cycle lanes
- improved physical fitness to the individual from cycling
- lower cost of cycling compared with driving to work
- reduced congestion for other road users
Show answer and explanation
Answer: D. reduced congestion for other road users
An external benefit is enjoyed by third parties - here, less congestion for other road users.
May/June 2021 · Paper 2 · Employment and unemployment / Poverty
In 2018 the US had its lowest unemployment rate for 18 years. Cyclical unemployment was very low and so was the rate of inflation. The US also experienced a rise in labour productivity. However, it did not do so well in reducing poverty: in 2018 approximately 12% of Americans were living in poverty. (a) Define cyclical unemployment. [2] (b) Explain two ways a firm could increase the productivity of its workers. [4] (c) Analyse the advantages of a low rate of inflation. [6] (d) Discuss whether or not a fall in a country's unemployment rate will reduce poverty in that country. [8]
Show model answer
(a) Unemployment caused by a lack of total (aggregate) demand; occurs during a recession or downturn in the trade cycle.
(b) Any two: training to raise skills; better capital equipment and technology; financial incentives such as bonuses or piece rates; improved working conditions and motivation; division of labour and specialisation.
(c) Low inflation gives price stability and certainty so firms invest; keeps exports price competitive, helping the current account; protects the real value of savings and fixed incomes; avoids menu and shoe-leather costs; avoids the arbitrary redistribution caused by high inflation; a low positive rate avoids the problems of deflation. …
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