These are real past-paper questions. Think of your answer first, then open the explanation.
May/June 2021 · Paper 1 · Reform movements and language
(a) Describe the achievements of Ranjit Singh. [4]
(b) Explain why Muhammad Ali Jinnah chose Urdu as the national language of Pakistan. [7]
(c) 'The work of Shah Waliullah was the main factor contributing to the spread of Islam between 1700 and 1850.' How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [14]
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(a) Seized Lahore in 1799 and Amritsar in 1802 and founded a Sikh kingdom in the Punjab with Lahore as its capital.
- Modernised his army along European lines, employing French and Italian officers and building an artillery corps.
- Extended his empire by capturing Multan (1818), Kashmir (1819) and Peshawar (1834).
- Kept peace with the British through the Treaty of Amritsar (1809) and ran an administration that employed Hindus and Muslims as well as Sikhs.
(b) Urdu was the one language understood by Muslims across the whole subcontinent, whereas Bengali, Punjabi, Sindhi and Pashto were only regional; it could therefore link both wings of the new state. …
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May/June 2021 · Paper 1 · Muslim League and the War of Independence
(a) Describe what happened at Allahabad in 1930. [4]
(b) Explain why the Muslim League was formed in 1906. [7]
(c) To what extent were the outcomes of the War of Independence beneficial for India? Explain your answer. [14]
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(a) Allama Iqbal gave the presidential address to the annual session of the All-India Muslim League at Allahabad in December 1930.
- He argued that Muslims were a separate nation with their own religion, culture and way of life.
- He called for the Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sindh and Balochistan to be amalgamated into a single self-governing state.
- This was the first prominent public statement of the idea of a separate Muslim homeland in the north-west and gave direction to Muslim political thinking. …
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May/June 2021 · Paper 1 · Simla Agreement, Cripps Mission and Ayub Khan
(a) Describe the terms of the Simla Agreement. [4]
(b) Explain why Congress and the Muslim League opposed the Cripps Mission of 1942. [7]
(c) 'Ayub Khan's agricultural policies were the most effective of the domestic reforms that took place between 1958 and 1969.' How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [14]
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(a) Signed in July 1972 by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and Indira Gandhi after the 1971 war.
- Both countries agreed to settle their differences peacefully through bilateral negotiation, without third-party involvement.
- The ceasefire line in Kashmir was renamed the Line of Control and both sides agreed to respect it.
- Troops were to be withdrawn to the international border, and India agreed to release the roughly 90 000 Pakistani prisoners of war.
- Trade, travel, communications and diplomatic relations were to be restored.
(b) The offer was only of dominion status after the war ended, not immediate independence; Congress called it a post-dated cheque on a failing bank. …
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May/June 2021 · Paper 1 · Junejo, political instability and relations with the USA
(a) Describe the main events of Muhammad Khan Junejo's political career. [4]
(b) Explain why there were changes of government between 1951 and 1958. [7]
(c) 'Pakistan has had good relations with the United States since 1947.' How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [14]
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(a) A landowner from Sindh and a member of the Pagaro faction of the Muslim League, he was chosen by Zia-ul-Haq as Prime Minister in March 1985 after the non-party elections.
- He persuaded Zia to lift martial law in December 1985, after the Eighth Amendment had been passed.
- He introduced austerity measures, released political prisoners and allowed greater freedom of the press and of political parties.
- He signed the Geneva Accords on Afghanistan in April 1988, and was dismissed by Zia under the Eighth Amendment in May 1988 following the Ojhri Camp disaster and charges of corruption and inefficiency. …
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